How Social Order Is Possible Essays - Criminology, Deviance

How Social Order Is Possible 1. How is social order possible? The way in which social order is achieved has been the subject of many theories presented by respectable sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, Thomas Hobbes, George Herbert Mead, and Karl Marx. Among the most prominent of these theories are Hobbes Social Control theory and Meads Symbolic Interactionism theory. Through these two theories, it is possible to gain a better understanding of how social order can be achieved. The social control theory of Thomas Hobbes has five basic premises to it. The first premise is that humans are egotistical beings that will do anything to fulfill their wants and desires. The second premise is based on the idea that because humans are egotistical, crime and deviance are a natural occurrence and do not need to be explained. Instead, those who are not criminalistic or deviant are the ones who need to be explained. The third premise is that humans conform to societal values and norms through rational choice. They do this by weighing the consequences of bad actions with the perceived benefits of good actions, then decide whether to proceed in the direction of good or bad. The fourth premise is that social control is a response to deviance and crime; coercive forms of social control can regulate or reduce crime and deviance. This is possible through the final premise, which is that the fear of consequences imposed by the state influences members of society to adhere to so cietal norms. The adherence comes from human beings being afraid of suffering a painful and horrible death, whether physical or societal. The social control theory holds strong validation in explaining why most people follow the values and norms of society. In a way though, the theory contradicts itself. The first premise of humans being egotistical is an excellent observation in human nature. Most human beings continually strive to achieve goals that they perceive as valuable. This theory is best illustrated by American culture where competitiveness and the drive for escalation in social status is apparent in just about everyone. American colleges and universities are often the breeding ground of competitiveness for jobs after graduation. By looking at the large number of students enrolled in secondary education, it can be seen that many Americans choose to receive schooling in hopes of making more money and gaining an elevated social status. The second premise of Hobbes theory is where he seems he contradicts himself. The contradiction comes from him saying that deviance and crime are human nature, and then in his fifth premise saying that members adhere to societal norms because they fear a horrible and painful physical or social death. If the fifth premise were true, then no one would commit crimes or become deviant, which contradicts the second premise of deviance and crime should be expected. The fifth premise also seems invalid because it does not account for the vast number of criminals that are in jail or that have been executed. Obviously, the fear of social or physical death did not stop the large number of inmates that are flowing though the American criminal justice system. It does explain though, why those who are not in jail chose to follow societal norms. Most would agree that the consequences of committing a crime far outweigh the benefits, but again, it does not explain for those who do not share this belief. The social control theory does give a glimpse of how victimization occurs. In their quest for egotistical needs, human beings ultimately have to either be better than others to get what they want, or unlawfully take it from someone. This creates the victimization aspect of the criminal justice process from the deviance and criminal nature of humans. Whenever a criminal commits a crime, no matter how petty the crime is, a victim suffers in one way or another. It can be concluded then, that the social control theory rationalizes the victimization of people in order for human beings to satisfy their wants and needs through deviance and crime. Another theory that is pertinent to the stabilization of social control is George Herbert Meads theory of symbolic interactionism. The symbolic interactionism theory holds six basic premises, which Mead

Legalize Casino Essay Example

Legalize Casino Essay Example Legalize Casino Essay Legalize Casino Essay Chatchawan Jarusvasunt 5204640154 What is the effect of disorder gambling? Gambling create no output, it just the transfer of money in society. Gambling consume time and existing resource in the economy also. Gambling did not provide any resource like other media and other entertainment activities but it have it own value too. Is it true that gambling with legal status is better for the society whether the cost of gambling overcome the benefit it creates? This question is very subjective. * Are there costs involved that exceed the obvious economic development benefits? Who actually gains and who loses? * If Las Vegas is a model of economic development through gaming, are there any other costs that need to be looked at? Las Vegas tends to have a wide variety of social ills associated with it. There is some controversy of the true level of these given the high tourist population. No studies have examined whether those are associated with gambling, the transient population, the growing population, or the low level of social services provided by the state. How widespread are the economic benefits? Some research as Professor Robert Goodman, in his study entitled, â€Å"Legalized Gambling as a Strategy for Economic Development, describes the effect of gambling on local business. He indicates that a study in South Dakota a year after legalizing video gambling in the state did† Show significant declines for selected activities such as clothing stores, recreation services, business services, auto dealers and service stations. The tourists from abroad may spend more resource and time in the region, or local people that used to spend resource in other region change the behavior to gambling in the region. This case is the beneficial effect of gambling for region. The local people may increase spending on casino in substitution of other business, or tourists change from consuming others to gambling. This case gambling provide no additional benefit. Casino may buy more products from out of state than the business they replace, or increase social cost, or locally owned business go bankrupt by out-of-state owned casino. This case made the region suffer. The effects of casino depend on the above criteria. [ 1 ]. William R. Eadington, Economic Development and the Introduction of Casinos: Myths and Realities,  Economic Development Review, Forthcoming, p. 3.

Visiting the City Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visiting the City Council - Essay Example Many of them were talking about the efforts on forming city budget for 2006 and proper allocation of financial resources. Such talks were frequently accompanied by discussion of taxation issue. Some people were talking about property matters, in particular, the problems of buying property and investments into construction. For about ten minutes two young men, standing next to the doors of the building, have been lively discussing the necessity of reconstruction of our city park. Everybody seemed to be very busy next to the Council. But a few officials were leaving the building very slowly. They were discussing some private matters: in particular, sharing their plans for Christmas vacations. Also, outside of the building I found a board of information about the activity of our city administration. It included general information, accompanied with FAQ section about any possible problem, which can bring a person to City Council. And also there was everything available regarding to the duties, names and contacts of the Council Members. Standing for one hour next to the Supreme Court of our State, I could notice much less activity and fewer amounts of visitors. A group of tired security officers was located outside of the building in a small watch box.

Cons of Cosmetic Animal Testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cons of Cosmetic Animal Testing - Assignment Example nt victory for both animal rights activists and the very animals, the European Union (EU) in March 2013 (The EU Animal Testing Ban, n.d.), imposed a ban on the sale of cosmetics and/or cosmetic ingredients used in animal testing (Cosmetics and Household-Product Animal Testing, n.d.). That marketing ban meant that companies who intended to trade within the EU, the world over, had no choice but to abandon cosmetic animal testing. The European Union further pointed to the abolishment of all activities relating to testing of products and ingredients that are acquired or sold within the EU. However, interested firms can continue carrying on animal experiments provided they are outside the EU and the products used are not sold within the EU. However, it is not easy for such firms to sell products in the global market due to various restrictions imposed by other countries. For instance, the Chinese government demands samples for a variety of thorough animal tests before allowing any sales i n China. Prior to that decision, there were numerous protests vented by People for The Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) activists through emails, public protests and phone calls. Through PETA’s scientific expertise and funding, China is also making enormous strides in steering away from cosmetic animal testing and will soon approve non-animal tests to replace cosmetic tests. In the same spirit of conservation, Israel and India have also banned the practice. The ban imposed by the Indian government is temporary, but there are measures to establish a permanent one. In a contrasting scenario, the United States have not taken the same steps. It is unbelievable that researchers persist with animal experiments for cosmetics despite the presence of reliable non-animal tests. Recently, research experts have proven that manufacturers can use 3-D human cell generated tissues to measure how long a chemical takes to burn the rabbit eye’s cornea. The chemical is dropped by the researchers

Anatomy and physiology, Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Anatomy and physiology, Economics - Essay Example In this essay, the effects of cigarette smoking on the health of people and the economy of the nation will be discussed. According to the CDC, in the United States, about 19.8 percent of all individuals over 18 years of age smoke cigarettes. It has been estimated that 43.4 million people in the country resort to smoking. The activity is more in men than in women, While 22.3 percent of men smoke, only 17.4 percent of women smoke. The highest incidence of smoking is between the age groups 18- 44 years and the lowest incidence is in the age group beyond 65 years. American Indians/ Alaska Natives have the highest incidence rates of smoking amongst ethnics groups, the rate being as high as 36.4 percent. The lowest rate is seen amongst Asians (9.6 percent). In the year 2007, it was estimated that 20 percent of high school students resorted to smoking (CDC, 2009). The rates were similar in girls and boys. While 21 percent of boys were smoker, 19 percent of girls were smokers. As far as ethnic groups were concerned, 23 percent of White high school students, 12 percent of Hispanic high school children and 12 percent of African American students were smokers. Every day, approximately 2900 young people between 12- 17 years of age group resort to their first experience of smoking (CDC, 2009). Smoking is associated with many health-related problems and hence is a major health-related issue. It is a leading cause of illness and death all over the world and also in United States. It affects almost every organ of the body, causes many diseases and reduces the general health of the smoker. It has been estimated that 1 in every 5 deaths in the United States is related to cigarette smoking. Every year about 438,000 deaths occur due to cigarette smoking (CDC, 2009). According to CDC, for every single individual who dies due to cigarette smoking, 20 more people suffer from atleast one serious ill effects of smoking.

Hand Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids Technology

Hand Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids Technology DEVELOPMENT OF A HAND GLOVE CONTROLLER REHABILITATION AIDS Muhammad Hafizudin Bin Abdul Manas Abstract A hand-glove with a sensor is developed for rehabilitation aids. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the hand glove with a sensor that can be used as an input signal for rehabilitation purpose. This project, the wheelchair is used as a mechanism. The project will be control by the flex sensor. This sensor will be guide the wheelchair to move forward, reverse, right and left direction by using the algorithm hand gesture. The Arduino UNO (ATmega328) is used as an interface with the flex sensor and wheelchair. This Arduino will convert resistance input from sensors with analog read to digital read by using ATmega328. Then it will response with the pulse with modulation (PWM) by using driver motor to accelerate the DC motor. The output will give the instruction for wheelchair motion such as forward, reverse, left and right. Keywords – Hand Glove, Flex Sensor, Wheelchair, Microcontroller Arduino UNO, Hand Gesture INTRODUCTION In real life, there are many people who are having disability physically that cannot communicate, listen, walking and more. For the disable people, rehabilitative aids it important to maintain their daily activities same as normal people. In many years, Stroke affects almost one million people and 80 % survivors are left with weakened limbs and hands. There are many designs and method was developed to regain their hand movement and strength. A rehabilitation technique system has been designed to help the patient or disable people [4]. One of the most common human physically activities are walking. Walking is an important role in human daily. Patient or disable people have this problem need the rehabilitation aids. For example, wheelchair is one of the mechanisms to help the disable people to continue their daily activities. Current wheelchair that everyone uses nowadays it manually controls it with their barehanded or need assistance to move the wheelchair. Many evolution has been tr ansform to control the wheelchair such as powered wheelchair, wheelchair control by using voice commands, wheelchair control by joystick and wheelchair control by pressing button. Wheelchair control by voice command is one of the methods to help disable people. This mechanism is design based on vocal command. There are have several condition to move the wheelchair such forward, backward, right, left, stop, light on and light off. Vocal command has limited and must use the same voice to control the motion of wheelchair. Efficiency to control in silent environment is higher than noise environment [1]. Pressing button also can be control the wheelchair, it been setup in programming to move wheelchair in particular place. For example, when disable people press the button 1 it move to the kitchen or press button 2 moves to living room. The wheelchair it helps with a sensor to detect the obstacle in its path. It follows the line algorithm path based on black and white surface on the floor [2]. For this papers and this idea, this project consist: Development of Control Algorithm High Level programming language Development of Control Algorithm The algorithm referred to any computation performed under a set of rules that applied to numbers in a decimal form. An algorithm can be represented of a solution to a problem. The control algorithm is the most important characteristic and the one to consider first. The control algorithm interpreted the true nature of output as a function of the input. For example, algorithm is hand gesture to produce the output. The hand gestures used for controlling robot’s motion, in video games [3] High Level programming language In order to develop a control algorithm, high level programming language is used. High level languages are designed to understand than assembly languages and allow a program to run. The translation of high level languages into object code needs a source code. For example, wheelchair using MEMS sensor has been using c language programming into PIC microcontroller to control the wheelchair motion [4]. LITERATURE REVIEW Hand Glove Control In modern biomedical technologies, a robotic system has been used in physical assistance and rehabilitation such as soft robotic glove. Glove is a portable device that patient can be wear for exercise individual fingers to minimize the stresses on their hand during therapy. The application used new technologies in now days such as The PowerFoot One and Luke Arm. For The PowerFoot One is an advanced complete ankle and foot prosthesis. The user legs move like a normal person walking when their use this product because this product mimic human foot. For Luke Arm device designed to provide a person with a partially articulated robotic arm that uses foot pads to control and move it [4]. Moreover, hand- glove also implemented into control the machine toys such as helicopter and remote car. It uses the same technique that the person wears the glove as the control and use the variables motion to move the machine. The function is similar same as joystick [7]. The same concept applied to this project where the hand glove is used. The hand glove will act as a controller in moving the wheelchair according the movement of fingers. Flex Sensor Nowadays, high technologies used robot to move something and doing a task to replace the human being. Sensor plays important role in robotic. A sensor is device that can measure the motion in high degree. Flex sensors are analog resistors. These resistors work as variable analog voltage divider. Inside the flex sensor are carbon resistive elements with thin flexible substrate. Figure 1 shows degree of bending for flex sensor. Smaller the radius, higher will be the resistance value [8]. From this research, design powered wheelchair which control by using hand movement. Used two fingers of hand gloves are needed to control the wheelchair. Two photodiodes at upper side and two sensors locate opposite side for these two fingers. Microcontroller is programming for different code combinations, it also know as converters from input signal to output, it decoded the signal into appropriate movement of wheelchair with accelerate DC motor. [3] Figure 1: Flex Sensor offers variable resistance readings Retrieved from Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller [8] ALOGRITHM HAND GESTURES In our daily activities, many people frequently used hand gesture to communication such as thumb up for good and two fingers like ‘V’ shape for peace. Many researchers [4] [8] used hand gesture to identifying and recognize some form of action without saying it to express the action have their do. Joyeeta Singha project for sign language hand gesture step by step. The system consist five step such as skin filtering, palm cropping, edge detection, feature extraction and classification. Recognize obtain almost 90% for different symbols. [4]. Y Tabata is developing hand gesture for spelling in Japanese language. Creating the hand gesture to obtain the alphabet and numbering to get spelling. [8] The same concept hand gesture applied for algorithm to control the wheelchair movement and motion. Figure 2: Example of hand gesture that cropping [4] METHODOLOGY Project Overview Figure 3: Block Diagram of Hand Glove System Figure 3 shows a block diagram of hand glove system including Flex sensor 2.2 â€Å", Amplifier, Atmega 328 (Arduino UNO) microcontroller, Dual channel 10A motor driver and DC Motor. The input is flex sensor and the output is DC Motor Microcontroller is a main core for the whole that will generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal to control the dual channel motor driver. Dual channel motor driver produce the output signal to motor from the PWM to accelerate the DC motor slow or fast. The resistance input from sensors will converter from analog read to digital read in binary number by using Arduino. Flex Sensor with amplifier Figure 4 shows the flex sensor connection circuit for resistance to voltage converter. The range resistance of input for this flex sensor is 0 to 10K Ohms. Figure 4: Resistance to Voltage converter connection A negative reference voltage will give a positive output. The output value is produced when the sensor in condition of low degree of bending. The Op-amp is used to produce the signal from the input to the output as a voltage in a wide range. For this project is used is LM324 as amplifier. LM324 consists of four independent, high gains, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers. Figure 5 shows the performance characteristic of LM324, from this figure 5, the higher supply voltage versus the input voltage. Figure 5: Input Voltage Range vs Supply Voltage Atmega328 Microcontroller Figure 6: ATmega 328 microcontroller Figure 6 shows the ATmega 328 microcontroller’s pin which triggers the signal to motor driver. The generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal is sent to motor driver from specific pin port. This microcontroller also convert the resistance input from the sensors with analog read to digital read in binary number. EXPERIMENT SETUP Figure 7: Blok diagram hand glove control system The hand glove controller has been developing in order to assist disable people to accelerate the wheelchair. Figure 7 shows the 5 main part combine together to perform hand glove control the wheelchair movement and the Arduino board becomes important electronic device. Figure 8 : Hand Glove with Flex Sensor Figure 8 shows the assembly hand glove with flex sensor. It is portable and easy to handle. One hand is used and there have four flex sensors that attached on the hand glove. Each sensor is fitted with the length of each finger except thumb. For each finger has their own function to control the movement of wheelchair and voltage required is +5v. It will convert resistance input from sensors with analog read to digital. Each finger for each sensor also has own function to accelerate the wheelchair. Table 1 shows the function and motion for each sensor. Table 1: Function of each sensor No Sensor Motion of wheelcahir 1 A Forward 2 B Backward 3 C Right 4 D Left RESULT AND DISCUSSION Based on the experiment setup, a new algorithm is developed for the movement of hand glove system to control the wheelchair. The new development of hand glove controller consisted of Arduino, PWM and wheelchair system. In this project, the c language has been used as a medium of language and it already programmed into Arduino Uno. The source code is written based on the performing work decision and control algorithm based on hand gesture. Figure 9 shows flowchart for algorithm to accelerate the movement of wheelchair. Figure 9: Flow Chart for Algorithm Hand Gesture After the source code has been programmed in to Atmega328 microcontroller (Arduino UNO board), the hand glove controller system is test by two different method. The first test of the programming is without DC motor. Second test, the programming will test with DC motor are conducted in order to see either the development of control algorithm is functioning or not.     Ã‚   Figure 10: the assembly hand glove system with wheelchair Figure 10 shows the real situation where people seat on the wheelchair with hand controller system. In these experiment two normal male subjects, age 25 with weight range 50-70 kg. For second test, the performance was good and the mechanism in good functional. The DC motor was performed based on the signal provided by dual channel motor drive with algorithm. Table 2 shows that hand gesture and direction of wheelchair movement. Table 2: Hand Gesture and direction of movement Hand Gesture LCD Display Direction Wheelchair Stop Wheelchair forward slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair reverse slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair right slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair left slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Table 2 shows the hand gesture algorithm and direction of wheelchair when it applied. From this test, the control system implementation using this hand glove system development is quite successful with the wheelchair system. Therefore, it also gives the disable people use wheelchair without assistance in their daily activities. DC motor has been controlled by motor controller with interface Arduino that was programmed by C language. Table 3: Reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchair Sensor Condition of Wheelchair Movement Reading of flex sensor (Hz) A, B, C and D Stop A,B,C,D A,B,C,D > 150 A Forward 50150 B Backward 50150 C Turn Right 50150 D Turn Left 50150 Table 2 shows the reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchair when the algorithm is applied. The wheelchair stops when the PWM value for each sensor below 50Hz or more than 150Hz, DC motor stop. For forward slow and fast, sensor A value 50Hz150Hz then motor are accelerate. For sensor B, C and D, PWM value has same as sensor A to produce the different direction. CONCLUSION In this project, the development of hand glove controller for rehabilations aids is propose to assist the disable people that have problem such as walking. It will help them to control the wheelchair more easily. The implementation of control algorithm and device into the system hand glove become succesfull.This application, it will be easier the disable people or patient to control wheeelchair by their self. In addition , the development of algorithm for hand gesture gave some easily to control the system and it comfortable. There, the objectives of this project can be said as successfully, which is algoritm can give instruction the motion of wheelchair. REFERENCES R.Puviarasi, MrithaRamalingam, Elanchezhian Chinnavan (2013), Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled People Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha University, India S.Shaheen#1, A.Umamakeswari(2013), INTELLIGENT WHEELCHAIR FORPEOPLE WITHDISABILITie University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Solanki Krunal M (2013), Indian Sign Languages using Flex Sensor Glove, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Gandhinagar, India Michael A Delph II, Sarah A Fischer, Phillip W Gauthier ,Carlos H. Martinez Luna, Edward A. Clancy, Gregory S. Fischer,(2013) A Soft Robotic Exomusculature Glove with Integrated sEMG Sensing for Hand Rehabilitation, AIM Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA,. Dr.Shaik Meeravali, Aparna,(2013), Design and Development of a Hanglove Controlled Wheel Chair Based on MEMS, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, RRS College of Engineering and Technology, Muthangi, Faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad, India. Joyeeta Singha, Karen Das (2012), Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Karhunen-Loeve Transform, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1,2Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, Assam, India Jeremyblum (2010), Hardware Control Using Hand Gesture from http://www.jeremyblum.com/2010/05/09/sudoglove/ retrieved 20/11/2014 Abidhusain Syed1, Zamrrud Taj H. Agasbal, Thimmannagouday Melligeri 1, Bheemesh Gudur1 (2011), Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller,Department of Electronics and Communication, BLDEA College of Engg Bijapur-3, India; 2Department of Electronics and Com- munication, KBN College of Engg Gulbarga-4, India. SensorWiki.org (2013),Flexion retrieved from http://www.sensorwiki.org/doku.php/sensors/flexion Y Tabata, T Kuroda, K Okamoto (2012), Development of a glove-type input device with the minimum number of sensors for Japanese finger spelling,Department of Radiation Technology, Kyoto College of Medical Science, 1-3 Imakita, Oyama-higashi, Sonobe, Nantan, JAPAN. GlobalSpec, (2013), Safety Gloves Information retrieved from http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/personal_protective_equipment/gloves_clothing

Essay --

I believe having positive dispositions are the key to a healthy and fulfilling classroom, and as a future teacher, I know the importance of evaluating my dispositions on a consistent basis. I have reflected upon my strengths and weaknesses as a future educator, and an area of strength for me is in reflection. Reflection will also be an important part of my professional teaching because it will allow me to assess my strengths and identify areas for improvement. Through the practice of self-reflection and evaluation in my studies, I have been able to evolve and grow into an educator. Clinical practice and classroom observations have also helped me develop and fine tune my self-reflection skills. My mentor teachers instilled in me the importance of reflection and how to use it as a tool to benefit not only my students, but also myself as a professional. They have helped me gain an insight into the world of teaching and how to improve as an educator. Another area of strength for me is in my critical thinking skills which I have developed through my studies at Dominican University. Critical thinking allows teachers to analyze and evaluate information in order to solve problems in their instruction. Teachers must be responsive and use questioning as a tool for critical thinking. I have learned about fostering critical thinking skills through problem-based learning and I have developed confidence in my own ability to lead the student towards their learning goals. I like to think of myself as a lifelong learner and I believe a teacher should always be a student so they can enrich their classroom and instructional skills. I have worked hard at Dominican University to become an effective teacher and I believe in the importance of... ...l allow me to teach effectively in diverse classrooms and facilitate learning. The other area of improvement for me is in my commitment to social justice and the ability to critically analyze social problems or conditions. I want to be sensitive in the recognition of individual forms of oppression and be able to correct injustices in my classroom. Oppression can have such a profound effect on teaching and learning, so I want my students to understand that each classmate is valuable and they deserve to be treated with kindness. My goal is to develop a classroom culture that discourages bullying and promotes friendship. I will teach social justice by using lesson plans that help students learn how discrimination feels and to identify strategies for combating it in the real world. Through my teaching, I will be a humanitarian and promote social welfare for all.