The Merchants Tale Essays

The Merchants Tale Essays The Merchants Tale Essay The Merchants Tale Essay Chaucers foundation of the Clerk in the General Prologue as a submitted researcher who organizes his scholastic investigations over material riches stands out pointedly from the portrayal of the Merchants bargaines and his chevissaunce. In putting The Clerks Tale preceding that of the Merchant and investigating comparative topics inside both, Chaucer acquaints with his readership a probability of the subsequent story being a reaction to the first.The varying mentalities and results of the stories, while having critical connections in their topic, incite correlation of the storytellers in their own conversations and the heroes become the encapsulation of their perspectives towards marriage in the stories. Walter is introduced by the Clerk as a to a great extent cliché marquis, whose characteristics of quietude and comprehension in his proposition to Griselda are connected to the particular absence of incongruity in the prologue to his character. The Clerk describes in commendation of the hero, Handsome and youthful and solid; in him were blentHigh respect and a delicate politeness. It is then conceded that Walter showed certain flaws (He was without a doubt to fault ) in spite of the fact that the way that he is named so soon after the start of the story reverberates critically in the Merchants preamble, where Chaucer confesses to having overlooked the storytellers name. This could be viewed as a remark upon the impression of representatives as being unmistakably more fair than vendors in Chaucerian culture in spite of Walters extraordinary trickiness of his better half when concealing their two youngsters from her, he is as yet introduced in a positive, genuine light all through the tale.This strengthens his validity as a character, which has the impact of the Clerk having the option to introduce his perspectives on marriage plainly through the hero. It is indispensably significant that the two stories are set in Lombardy, however the setting is altogether different in the two stories. The Clerks Lombardy is hardly referenced, while the Merchants city of Pavia, popular for its investors and its massage parlors, gives a generous premise to the profoundly sexual nature of the stories imagery.However, similarly as the Clerk is disengaged from this present reality through his quest for the scholarly community, Walter has neglected to consider marriage as it may be normal, through adherence to chivalrous characteristics and incredible duty in this sense. His union with Griselda isn't achieved by sexual want, yet rather by his companions begging, Therefore, we beseech you expediently to wed. By removing Walter from his topographical environmental factors and having him wed a submitted lady from a modest foundation, it very well may be seen that the Clerk is thinking outside the box and endeavoring to tell a story of excellence and devotion.It isn't just the symbolism in the story that permits him to do this, yet additionally the type of the language: by utilizing seven line rhyming refrains, an increasingly compelled, coherent content is introduced, making the story progressively available to the peruser during Walters progressively concentrated activities of the portrayed cold-bloodedness. In mix with Griseldas unfailing dedication all through these trial of duty, the general type of the verse serves to individualize the story and make it unmistakable among the gathering of explorers as a whole.This gives an enormous chance to logical inconsistency of its substance and, consequently, a reaction in the accompanying story. Januarys decision of May for his better half in The Merchants Tale, be that as it may, turns into a solid portrayal of his character. He can't disguise the way that she is just one of numerous expected ladies, sketched out where the Merchant describes, As whoso tooke a mirour, cleaned brilliant, And sette it in a collective commercial center. It before long becomes clear that this misleading is on account of Januarie, ‘for as great is visually impaired deceyved be/As to be deceyved whan a man may se’. The way that he is being bamboozled as a result of the two his physical and mental visual deficiency makes Januarie seem helpless, and the crowd nearly starts to feel sorry for him, indicating that the force balance has moved suddenly from Januarie to May. The language Chaucer decides to utilize adds to showing this force balance adequately. Fortune is exemplified in this entry, as is basic in Chaucer’s composing. Like various conceptual characteristics which have the female linguistic sex in Latin, the exemplification is feminized, and she is introduced as a lady, frequently blindfolded, to exhibit the intervention of her activity, a holding a wheel on which her casualties rise and fall. When contrasting this picture with May, plainly she currently has full force and command over Januarie. It isn't just clear how May has picked up control over this entry, yet in addition how Januarie has lost his. He turns out to be so controlled by envy that He nolde suffre recruit for to ride or go/But on the off chance that that he hadde hond on her alway’ , ‘nor anyplace/Would he permit his significant other to take the air/Unless his hand were on her, day and night’. Towards the start of the story, it is improbable that Januarie would have been so possessive over his new spouse, as he included enough certainty inside himself to forestall any desire. At the point when he loses his sight, it is evident that his hesitance turns out to be especially solid, indeed causing him to appear to be defenseless and vulnerable, and May’s untruthfulness just builds Januarie’s absence of intensity

Cultural Assessment - Sweden Essay Example for Free

Social Assessment Sweden Essay Culture is a powerful structure of practices, thoughts, perspectives, values, propensities, convictions, customs, dialects, customs, services, and practices that are one of a kind to a specific gathering of individuals. I see extraordinary incentive in finding out about various societies and about social decent variety, including a more extensive viewpoint of others, upgraded critical thinking capacity and imagination, and potential improved efficiency in my future working environments. For this task, I have decided to do a social evaluation of the Swedish Culture. Doing so has widened my comprehension of the Sweden’s social points of view and will help in crossing over social holes with future Swedish customers. I trust this will assist me with turning into an all the more socially skillful attendant and help me in giving ideal, worldwide human services in a general public which is developing increasingly more socially/ethnically assorted. I know direct that variety occurs inside each social gathering, and there is a propensity to expect that all individuals from a recognized gathering are the equivalent. Sweden, a nation that once reflected just a solitary or maybe a couple of ethnic gatherings presently contains in excess of 100 diverse ethnic gatherings so for the motivations behind this paper, I will expound on the Swedish culture all in all. Sweden is a nation on the Scandinavian landmass in Northern Europe, with it’s capital being Stockholm. It is fourth in size among the European provinces, with about 15% of its complete zone arranged north of the Arctic Circle. You would believe that the climate in Sweden would be colder year long due to it’s longitude however the normal Stockholm’s normal temperature is 20-65 degrees Fahrenheit all year. Sweden has an absolute populace of around 9. 4 million individuals starting at 2009 with most of inhabitants living in urban territories. Sweden’s capital city, Stockholm, had a populace of 1,697,000 of every 2005. From 1865 to 1930, almost 1,400,000 Swedes, emigrated; over 80% went to the United States, and about 15% to other near to nations. This overwhelming movement finished in the mid-1900s when asset improvement in Sweden began to stay up with populace development. Since the mid 1970s, there has been a surge of movement to Sweden, for the most part because of evacuee relocation and family reunification from nations in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. To the extent social cosmetics, the Swedes are principally Finish, Scandinavians or of German starting point. The rest of the populace is contained workers, including Danes, Poles, Iraqis, Iranians, Norwegians, Greeks, and Turks. Swedish is the national language in Sweden. It comprises of similar letters of the English letter set notwithstanding an, an, and o. Numerous Swedes talk and get English and German, and to a lesser degree, Finnish. English has been a necessary subject for every Swedish understudy since the late 1940s. Swedens top notch logical, correspondence and mechanical improvement is prestigious all through the world. The World Economic Forum 2009â€2010 intensity file positions Sweden the fourth most serious economy on the planet. Three of Swedens biggest mechanical enterprises are building organizations: L. M. Ericsson, Volvo, and SAAB-Scania. Ericsson, one of the biggest telecom organizations on the planet was begun by Lars Ericsson of Sweden. Innovation is pervasive all over Sweden. Swedes are familiar with imparting through a similar innovation that is accessible in the United States. Swedes convey by means of. mobile phones, web, media, and print. To the extent family jobs and association inside Swedish culture, human rights and correspondence are profoundly regarded in Sweden. Sweden is one of the most libertarian social orders on the planet. Family life is significant in average Swedish families, however family structure is different and offers varying ways of life and convictions starting with one family then onto the next. In a run of the mill family, the two guardians work. Family tasks are typically equitably separated among Swedish relatives, paying little heed to customary female and male jobs and age. Swedish houses will in general be little and clean. Shared regard among youngsters and grown-ups is supported at an early age. In excess of 5 percent of the Swedish populace are matured 80 or over. Numerous old individuals in Sweden are healthy and have dynamic existences. Generally live in their own homes by decision, and can do so on account of open help as home dinner conveyance, help with cleaning and shopping, transportation and human services when required. Wellbeing and social consideration for the old comprises a significant piece of Swedish government assistance arrangement. Most old consideration is supported by civil duties and government awards. Sweden puts a greater amount of its GDP in thinking about its old than some other nation on the planet. Every Swedish occupant are qualified for an ensured least benefits from the age of 65, the standard retirement age in Sweden. In the Swedish social insurance framework, duty regarding wellbeing and clinical consideration is shared by the focal government, province boards and districts. Sweden is isolated into 290 regions, 18 province gatherings and two areas. Around 90 percent of the Swedish district councils’ work includes medicinal services, however they are additionally associated with different regions, for example, culture and framework. Duty regarding giving medicinal services is decentralized to the region gatherings. I discovered that province boards are political bodies whose delegates are chosen by their inhabitants like clockwork. Each district board must give the populace - quality wellbeing and clinical consideration, and work toward advancing great wellbeing for the whole populace. Region chambers are additionally answerable for dental consideration for nearby inhabitants up to the age of 20. Swedish individuals have free decision in human services meaning they can get care in any of the 60 clinics in Sweden that give expert consideration, with crisis administrations 24 hours every day. Eight of these are provincial medical clinics where profoundly specific consideration is offered and where most educating and research is based. What’s incredible is everybody in Sweden has equivalent access to social insurance benefits; The Swedish human services framework is citizen financed. As per the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, a Swedish government master office, Sweden is moderately all around shielded from the spread of transferable infections. Great sterile conditions win among Swedish society and general wellbeing is very much evolved. Clinical advancement and deterrent measures shield the Swedish populace from diseases that, in different nations of the world, may cause huge scope catastrophes. Sweden keeps on immunizing, follow contaminations, battle episodes, and participate in examine on sicknesses. Sweden in general, keeps up an elevated level of readiness so as to forestall malady, and avian flu from increasing an a dependable balance in Sweden. Future in Sweden keeps on rising. In 2008, it was 79 years for men and 83 years for ladies. Sweden alongside Italy has Europe’s biggest older populace as an extent of the national aggregate. As indicated by www. sweden. se, Sweden’s social insurance framework performs well in examination with different nations at a comparative degree of improvement.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no uncertainty that the reaction of the British government to the Rising contributed quantifiably to the further distance of Irish general supposition. On 26th April 1916, it had presented military law and following day designated Major-General Sir John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full power to reestablish request, put down the resistance, and rebuffed its members. Maxwell never questioned that its heads ought to be court-martialled and those most unmistakable executed.General Maxwell was additionally established that, so as to squash activist patriotism, the individuals who had given up with them, and their speculated supporters, ought to be captured and their arms seized in an across the country clear by warriors, upheld by police. General Maxwell immediately flagged his aim â€Å"to capture all hazardous Sinn Feiners†(1), including â€Å"those who have taken a functioning part in the development in spite of the fact that not in the present rebellion†(2), mirroring the prevalent view that Sinn Fein, a dissident association that was neither aggressor nor republican, was behind the Rising.In absolute, the security powers captured 3,430 men and 79 ladies and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Then, those idea to have sorted out the revolt had been kept down in Ireland for preliminary 190 men and 1 lady named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the court’s decision was ‘Death by being shot’. All signatories of the declaration were executed. The executions began on May third in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the first to be singled out for execution, he was not permitted to see his mom or sibling before his execution, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The subsequent day is the executions of William Pearse sibling of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael O'Hanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom wedded Grace Gifford in the jail sanctuary hours before his execution. On the next day John McBride was executed alone would not be blindfolded before his execution. At that point on May eighth Eamonn Ceannt, Michael Mallin, Sean Heuston and Conn Colbert were executed. On the most recent day of execution May twelfth Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is attached to a seat because of his messed up lower leg were executed. Sir Roger Casement was attempted in London for high injustice and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In expansion to the 15 executed, 97 others of those attempted by court-military were condemned to death. Frightened by the move occurring in popular conclusion in Ireland and by the shock communicated in the House of Commons by individuals from the Irish Parliament Party, most quite Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith made a trip to Dublin on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, disregarding a message from Asquith to General Maxwell saying that the re were to be no further executions with the exception of under extraordinary and uncommon circumstances.Maxwell, apparently, thought about that MacDiarmada and Connolly had assumed such driving jobs that they couldn't be reprieved. There were no further executions, the sentences of the other 97 being driven to terms of detainment. The anticipated impact of these measures was to expand open compassion, both for the dissidents and their objectives. During May, the police specialists noted even among moderate patriots a developing ‘wave of resentment,’ provoked by the inclination that ‘unnecessary seriousness had been deployed’.Symptoms of the adjustment in mentalities incorporated the accompanying: the expanding recurrence of remembrance masses for the executed dissidents; the developing deals of photos of them; the setting up of help assets for their families; the presence of tunes and ditties commending their activities; the pervasiveness of republican ban ners and identifications; seeing youngsters walking military style at Gaelic football matches, and the yelling of agitator trademarks anyplace individuals assembled namelessly together, for example, at railroad stations.Moreover, there were unfavorable signs that aggressor patriots were rearranging, reflected in an ascent in arms robberies and solidifying of perspectives towards the police. The arrival of numerous who had been interned after the Rising †a long way from procuring open appreciation †fuelled hatred, as it was viewed as giving proof that the captures had been made ‘without just cause’. As of now in mid-June 1916, Maxwell anticipated that in a General Election the moderate patriot Irish Parliamentary Party would presumably be replaced.He was right; in December 1918, it was cleared aside by Sinn Fein. A few overcomers of the Rising proceeded to become pioneers of the autonomous Irish state and the individuals who passed on were revered by numerous i ndividuals as saints. Their graves in the previous military jail of Arbor Hill in Dublin turned into a national landmark and the content of the Proclamation was instructed in schools. ‘I and my kindred signatories accept we have struck the main effective blow for Irish opportunity. The following blow, which we have no uncertainty Ireland will strike, will win through. In this conviction, we bite the dust glad. ‘

The Best Scholarships in Minnesota

​Minnesota has almost 200 colleges, universities, and technical schools for students to choose from. Students can find virtually any program or major imaginable at a Minnesota school. However, tuition at most institutions is not cheap, and many students have to take on thousands of dollars in debt to afford their education. Fortunately, students can apply for the many grants and scholarships that are available in Minnesota. These scholarships are provided by businesses, organizations, and educational institutions, and they can make paying for college much less stressful. 1.Minnesota Academic Excellence Scholarships The Minnesota Academic Excellence Scholarships are awarded to graduating high school seniors who plan to attend a Minnesota college or university and have an outstanding academic history in English, foreign language, math, science, fine arts, or social science. Students can apply for the scholarship through the college or university they plan to attend. The scholarship amounts vary but may cover the full tuition and fees, and the award can be renewed for up to three years if the student meets the GPA qualifications.You can learn more about the ​Minnesota Academic Excellence Scholarships here. 2.The Minnesota Masonic Charities Signature Scholarships The are awarded to graduating high school seniors in Minnesota who are enrolled in public or private four-year colleges. Recipients must have a minimum GPA of 3.8 and must submit two letters of recommendation and an essay. The scholarship committee also considers extracurricular activities and community service. They award five $5,000 scholarship every year.You can learn more about the ​The Minnesota Masonic Charities Signature Scholarships here. 3.The Minnesota Masonic Charities Legacy Scholarships The Minnesota Masonic Charities Legacy Scholarships are awarded to students who are enrolled or plan to enroll in a four-year college or university and have a GPA between 3.79 and 3.9. Students must submit two letters of recommendation and a values statement. Minnesota Masonic Charities awards ten $4,000 scholarships every year.You can learn more about the ​The Minnesota Masonic Charities Legacy Scholarships here. 4.The Minnesota Masonic Charities Heritage Scholarship Minnesota Masonic Charities awards 20 every year to Minnesota students who have a GPA between 3.0 and 3.59. To apply, students must be graduating high school seniors enrolled in a four-year college or university. The scholarship committee considers GPA, extracurriculars, and community service. The scholarships are worth $2,500.You can learn more about theThe Minnesota Masonic Charities Heritage Scholarship here. 5.The Minnesota State Grant The Minnesota State Grant is available for Minnesota students who have financial need. About 36 percent of recipients have a household income of less than $20,000, and 37 percent have a household income between $20,000 and $50,000. Applicants must complete the FAFSA and must be enrolled as an undergraduate at a Minnesota school. The maximum scholarship amount is $10,745 for four-year colleges and $6,927 at two-year colleges, but the average price is about $1,700. Awards can be renewed yearly.You can learn more about the ​The Minnesota State Grant here. 6.The Page Education Foundation Grant The Page Education Foundation Grant scholarships are awarded to students of color who are Minnesota residents and plan to attend Minnesota schools. Applicants must participate in community service projects with children every year to renew the grant. To apply, students must submit two letters of recommendation, their high school transcript, a copy of their FAFSA report, and an essay explaining their educational goals and why they value education. The awards range in value from $1,000 to $2,500.You can learn more aboutThe Page Education Foundation Grant​ heï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿re. 7.The PFund Scholarship The PFund Foundation provides a scholarship to a Minnesota student in the LGBTQ community who shows strong leadership skills and a vision for improving the community. To apply, students must be enrolled or plan to enroll in a college or university. When choosing the recipient, the scholarship committee considers community service and participation in improving the LGBTQ community. The scholarship amount ranges from $2,000 to $10,000.You can learn more about the ​The PFund Scholarship here. 8.Minnesota Public Safety Officers' Survivor Grant The Minnesota Public Safety Officers' Survivor Grant is awarded to the child or spouse of a public safety officer who was killed in the line of duty. Applicants must be enrolled as an undergraduate or a graduate at a Minnesota school. To apply, students must show a certificate of eligibility to their school's financial aid office. The scholarship amount varies depending on the school's tuition, but the maximum amount is $13,840 for students enrolled in a four-year program and $5,736 for students enrolled in a two-year program.You can learn more about the ​Minnesota Public Safety Officers' Survivor Grant here. 9.Scholarship for People With Disabilities The scholarship for people with disabilities is awarded to a Minnesota resident who has a physical disability or sensory impairment. The recipient must be enrolled at a four-year college or technical school and must show financial need and academic achievement. To apply, students must submit an application explaining their employment history, community service, and educational achievements. They also must provide a personal essay describing they're educational and career goals. All finalists will be invited for a personal interview. The scholarship is worth $1,000.You can learn more about the ​Scholarship for People With Disabilities here. 10.Linden Scholarship The Salvation Army awards the Linden Scholarshipto a student in Ramsey, Washington, or Dakota County, who has financial need. The recipient must be a graduating senior who is enrolled in an undergraduate program and has a history of volunteerism. Applicants must provide a copy of their FAFSA form and a resume with their community service history. The scholarship is worth $3,000 for students enrolled in a four-year college and $1,500 for students enrolled in a two-year college.You can learn more about the ​Linden Scholarship here. 11.White Earth Scholarship The White Earth Scholarshipis awarded to a member of the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, who is enrolled or plans to enroll in a college or technical institute as a graduate or undergraduate. Applicants must submit a copy of their FAFSA form, their high school diploma and transcript, and a form explaining their academic plan. The number of awards and the monetary amount varies yearly. Students can renew the scholarship if they maintain a GPA of at least 2.0.You can learn more about the ​White Earth Scholarshiphere. 12.Twin Cities Marathon Scholarship TheTwin Cities Marathon Scholarshipworth $5,000, is awarded to one male and one female high school athlete in the Twin Cities area who participate in track or cross country. Applicants must have a minimum GPA of 3.0 and must have taken part in a running event of at least 800 meters in length. Students must also submit an essay. The scholarship committee considers academic history, leadership, community service, and sportsmanship.You can learn more about the ​Twin Cities Marathon Scholarshiphere. 13.Vernetta Wilson Memorial Scholarship The Minneapolis/St. Paul Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta awards theVernetta Wilson Memorial Scholarshipto an African American high school senior in Minnesota. The recipient must be enrolled in a two-year or four-year school and must have a minimum GPA of 2.7, a history of volunteerism, and leadership skills. The scholarship amount varies yearly but is usually between $1,000 and $2,500.You can learn more about the ​Vernetta Wilson Memorial Scholarship here. 14.MSU Presidential Scholarship The Michigan State University Presidential Scholarship is available to graduating high school seniors who plan to attend MSU. The recipients must have a GPA of 3.8 or rank in the top 10 percent of their graduating class. Students must submit a letter of recommendation and two essays, one describing one of their leadership experiences and their educational plans, and another explaining what they think is the world's most pressing issue. The scholarship is worth $5,000 and is renewable for four years.You can learn more about the ​MSU Presidential Scholarship here. 15.UMN Maroon and Gold Leadership Awards The Maroon and Gold Leadership Awardsare available for incoming University of Minnesota freshmen who were in the top three percent of their graduating high school class. The scholarship committee chooses the recipients based on GPA, ACT or SAT scores, community service, and personal background. The scholarship is worth $12,000 each year and can be renewed for up to four years. Students are considered for the award upon applying to the university.You can learn more about the ​UMN Maroon and Gold Leadership Awards here. 16.Alliss Two Year College Opportunity Grant Program The Alliss Educational Foundation providesfor students who are enrolled in Associate of Arts, Associate of Fine Arts, or Associate of Science programs at a Minnesota State College. Students are considered for the grants during their college's financial aid process; no application is necessary. The awards range in amount from $500 to $2,000, and they can be renewed until the student has completed the program.You can learn more about the ​Alliss Two Year College Opportunity Grant Program here. 17.Alliss University Grant Program Alliss University Grantsare available to students who are enrolled full-time in an undergraduate program. Students must be attending a Minnesota State University and must have financial need. Students of any academic ranking can apply, but priority is given to those in the top 40 percent of their class. The scholarship amounts range between $500 and $2,000, depending on the recipient's financial need.You can learn more about the ​Alliss University Grant Program here. 18.Evelyn Lenander Scholarship The Evelyn Lenander Scholarshipis available for third and fourth-year elementary education majors attending a Minnesota college or university. Preference is given to students who live within 25 miles of Buffalo Lake. To apply, students must submit a two-page essay describing what person or event has had the biggest influence on their life, a statement of financial need, two letters of recommendation, and a list of extracurricular activities. The scholarship amount ranges from $1,000 to $4,500.You can learn more about the Evelyn Lenander Scholarship here.​ 19.MinnesotaJobs.com Scholarships MinnesotaJobs.com awards several college scholarshipseach year to students who are currently enrolled in a college or university in Minnesota and plan to use their degree to work in the Minnesota job market. The scholarship amounts vary but are usually between $500 and $1,000. Applicants must earn at least 75 percent of credits through life classrooms. Students who attend school online are not eligible.You can learn more about the ​MinnesotaJobs.com Scholarships here. 20.Gunnar Isberg Student Scholarship The Minnesota Chapter of the American Planning Association awards the Gunnar Isberg Student Scholarshipto a student pursuing a degree in planning or a related field. Students must either be from Minnesota or attend a Minnesota college or university. The scholarship committee selects the recipient based on academic record, employment history, and goals in the planning field. Applicants must submit a transcript, a letter of recommendation, a resume, and a cover letter stating their professional goals. The scholarship is worth $1,000.You can learn more about theGunnar Isberg Student Scholarship here. 21.MAPA Scholarship The Minnesota Association of Public Accountants awards a scholarshipto a Minnesota student entering their junior year at a four-year college or university. Applicants must major in accounting, plan to pursue a career in public accounting, and have a GPA of at least 2.5. To apply, students must submit their official transcript, a letter of recommendation, and a form detailing their academic history and financial need. The scholarship amount varies yearly, but it is usually around $750.You can learn more about the ​MAPA Scholarship heï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿re. 22.Minnesota Power Community Involvement Scholarships Minnesota Power awards several scholarshipsevery year to students who are involved with community service. Students must be graduating high school seniors who live in Minnesota Power's service area and have a GPA of at least 3.0. To apply, students must submit their transcript, documentation from their community leaders who can vouch for their community service, and a resume listing all volunteer activities. Each scholarship is worth $2,500.You can learn more about the ​Minnesota Power Community Involvement Scholarships here. 23.American Legion Memorial Scholarships The Minnesota Department of the American Legion provides several scholarshipsfor the children, stepchildren, and grandchildren of American Legion members. Recipients must be enrolled at a Minnesota college, university, or vocational school and demonstrate leadership qualities. To apply, students must submit their high school or college transcript, two letters of recommendation, and a personal letter. The organization awards at least six scholarships every year with a maximum amount of $500.You can learn more about the ​American Legion Memorial Scholarships here. 24.Coss Family Foundation Traditional Scholarship The Coss Family Foundation awards a scholarshipto a graduating high school senior in Dakota or Ramsey Counties. Students must be enrolled at least half-time in a college, university, or technical school. Applicants should submit their high school transcript, two letters of recommendation, and a personal statement. The scholarship committee chooses the recipient based on academic history, leadership, community service involvement, and financial need. The award amount ranges from $500 to $3,500 and can be renewed for three years if the student maintains a GPA of at least 2.0.You can learn more about the ​Coss Family Foundation Traditional Scholarship here. 25.Minnesota GI Bill The Minnesota GI Billprovides educational grants to Minnesota veterans who served in any U.S. armed forces branch, non-veterans who served for at least five years in the U.S. armed forces, and the spouses and children of people who served in the military and have died. Students can apply through the Minnesota Department of Veterans Affairs. The monetary amounts vary depending on the school and financial need, but full-time students can receive up to $1,000 per year, and part-time students can receive a maximum of $500 per semester.You can learn more about the ​Minnesota GI Bill here. 26.Education Vouchers for Former Youth in Care The Education Vouchersare available for students who were in foster care between the ages of 16 to 18 or were adopted after their 16th birthday. Students can apply through the Minnesota Department of Human Services website by submitting a copy of their FAFSA form, their college acceptance letter, and their transcript. The highest scholarship amount awarded is $5,000, and students can renew the award yearly.You can learn more about the ​Education Vouchers for Former Youth in Care here. 27.Riley Burnell Criminal Justice Memorial Scholarship The Riley Burnell Scholarshipis awarded to a graduating high school senior in Koochiching County, who plans to pursue a criminal justice career. Preference is given to students planning to pursue law enforcement, but the scholarship committee also considers students pursuing careers as correction officers and border patrol officers. Applicants must have a GPA of at least 3.0. The scholarship is usually worth $2,500 and is awarded in two installments, one in the fall and one in the spring.You can learn more about the ​Riley Burnell Criminal Justice Memorial Scholarship here. 28.Anna Alvarez-Holmberg Scholarship The Ana Alvarez-Holmberg Scholarshipworth $2,000, is awarded to a student who is enrolled or plans to enroll in a program related to project management, human resources, adult education, or special education. Applicants must have at least two years of work experience and must either be a Project Management Institute member or be sponsored by a member. When choosing the recipient, the scholarship committee considers community service, commitment to education, and integrity. Applicants should submit three letters of recommendation and a resume.You can learn more about the ​Anna Alvarez-Holmberg Scholarship here. 29.ACEC of Minnesota Scholarships The American Council of Engineering Companies awards several Minnesota scholarshipsevery year, usually ranging in amount from $1,500 to $3,500. Applicants must be entering their junior or senior year in an undergraduate engineering or land surveying program, or they must be in a Master of Science engineering program. Recipients are chosen based on academic achievement, extracurricular activities, leadership, and employment history.You can learn more about the ​ACEC of Minnesota Scholarships here. 30.Nellie Stone Johnson Scholarship The Nellie Stone Johnson Scholarshipis awarded to a student who is enrolled or plans to enroll in a Minnesota State College or University. The recipient must be a racial minority and must be a union member or the child or grandchild of a union member. Applicants must submit two letters of recommendation, a transcript, and a personal essay about their academic history and career goals. The scholarship is worth $1,200 for full-time students and $500 for part-time students.You can learn more about the​Nellie Stone Johnson Scholarship here. 31.Minnesota Indian Scholarships The Minnesota Indian Scholarshipsare available to students who are at least one-fourth American Indian and are enrolled at least half-time as an undergraduate or graduate student at a Minnesota school. To apply, students must complete the FAFSA, fill out an online application, and submit documentation of their American Indian ancestry. The scholarship amounts vary depending on financial need, but can be up to $4,000 per year for undergraduates and $6,000 for graduate students. The scholarship can be renewed for up to ten years to cover both undergraduate and graduate studies.You can learn more about the ​Minnesota Indian Scholarships here. 32.Alys Mayman Misho Endowed Freshmen Scholarship The Alys Mayman Misho Scholarshipis awarded to an upcoming college freshman who ranks in the top 25 percent of their graduating high school class, has a GPA of at least 3.3, and has an ACT score of at least 23. The recipient should have strong leadership qualities and a history of community service. Priority is given to students who graduated from high schools in Central Minnesota. The award ranges in amount from $700 to $1,000.You can learn more about the ​Alys Mayman Misho Endowed Freshmen Scholarship here. 33.McKerrow Scholarship The Minnesota Livestock Breeders' Association awards the McKerrow Scholarshipto a Minnesota student who is a current or former member of 4-H and studies animal science. The recipient must attend the University of Minnesota at the St. Paul or Crookston campuses and must be entering their sophomore, junior, or senior year. The scholarship amount varies yearly but is usually around $500. To apply, students must submit a form detailing their academic history and their career goals.You can learn more about the ​McKerrow Scholarship here. 34.Blandin Foundation Education Grants The Blandin Foundation awards their Education Grantsto students in Itasca County who plan to attend a college, university, or certificate program. To be considered for the grant, students must submit an online application and their Student Aid Report. Depending on financial need, the grants range in value from $1,000 to $4,500. The grants are not automatically renewed, but students can reapply every year.You can learn more about the ​Blandin Foundation Education Grants here. 35.East Polk County Fair Scholarship Fund The East Polk County Fair Board awards three $1,000 scholarships to students who reside in Polk County District 4. The scholarship committee gives priority to students with a GPA of at least 3.0 and students who plan to pursue agriculture, agri-business, or a related field. To apply, students must submit their high school transcript, a record of extra-curricular activities and community service, and an essay explaining they're educational and career goals.You can learn more about the ​East Polk County Fair Scholarship Fund here.

Developing a Thesis Statement - 607 Words

Developing a Thesis Statement After choosing a topic, it is important to understand the role a thesis statement in the essay. A thesis statement serves as a road sign that gives sign of what the writing is intended to tackle; it is the answer to the question asked. A thesis statement is an assertion; it takes a stand announcing the writers position on the topic. It is important for the writer to explore the topic to find a particular narrow subject. It is also important for the writer to know the purpose and audience of the paper. A thesis statement for a narrative essay needs to be vivid and captivating. The starting point is asking a question. A thesis can be developed by answering a question. For example a family reunion, what role does a family reunion play in strengthening the family? Then formulation of a sentence that serves as a thesis: family reunion plays a key role of strengthening family ties by†¦ here it is advisable for the writer to follow a rigid structure, know the basic formula to keep the statement within the acceptable length as well as to organize the argument. In addition, following a pattern that holds the core idea will aid in developing a clear subject. Here, an idea does something because [reason(s)], Family reunion strengthens family ties [they help keep fond memories]. This then becomes, because [reason(s)], [idea] [does something], because [they help keep fond memories], [family reunion] [strengthens family ties]. This is refined to althoughShow MoreRelatedEssay on Eng 102 Short Story735 Words   |  3 PagesFiction Essay Thesis and Outline Instructi ons    In Module/Week 3, you will write a 750-words (about 3–4-pages) essay that compares and contrasts two stories from the Fiction Unit.   Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below.   Review the Fiction Essay Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded.   Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a one-page thesisRead MoreTH131 Orals Reviewer1444 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement #1 We are all called both personally, as individual believers, and ecclesially, as members of the Church, to share Jesus Christ by word and witness, through active commitment (Radcliffe). *We are called on by Jesus to spread his word through active commitment - God created man to name his Creation. We were created in order to serve the Lord, but at the same time, we are also made in his image - God gave humans names first (Adam, Eve) and then tasked them to help Him name hisRead MoreEssay Tragic Hero643 Words   |  3 Pages   Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below.   Review the research paper Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded. Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a one-page thesis statement, outline, draft, and bibliography for your research paper.   Format the thesis statement and the outline in a single Word document using MLA, APA, or Turabian styleRead MoreDeath and Everyman640 Words   |  3 Pages Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below. Review the research paper Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded. Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a one-page thesis statement, outline, draft, and bibliography for your research paper. Format the thesis statement and the outline in a single Word document using MLA, APA, or Turabian styleRead MoreUnderstanding the Writing Process1329 Words   |  5 Pagesand words into a concise and intelligent essay. In order for a writer to be able to present their views to others they must assimilate the writing process into three steps. An essay should have an introductory paragraph where a writer states their thesis, body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. Within each step are many factors that are involved in how a writer will express their understanding about the subject. Several of these steps are overlapping and can vary because each individual bringsRead MoreENG 102 fiction essay instruction768 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the Fiction Unit. Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below. Review the Fiction Essay Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded. Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a 1-page thesis statement and outline for your essay. Format the thesis statement and the outline in a single Word document using current MLA, A PA, or Turabian style (whicheverRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830892 Words   |  4 Pagesand revise that said hypothesis after several data sets to have a specific thesis statement that is specific to all events leading up to the inquiry question. The inquiry question the students are analyzing is; what are the major effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? The students will be given several data sets of events that occurred after the act was initiated and draw conclusions and revise their thesis statement as they go. The big idea of this lesson to have students understand the importanceRead More Writing the Academic Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbody, and the conclusion are its three essential parts. For starters then, let us begin with the introduction. Its job is to move from the general to the specific, to introduce the essays topic, clarify its central idea, and detail its thesis statement. Yet, before it can do that, it should attempt to hook the reader by catching his interest with some appropriate bait. The first way to hook a reader is by centering an original title above the introduction. Please note the word original inRead MoreDeveloping a Research Project and a Brief Study on Obesity677 Words   |  3 Pagesproject? I have completed several research projects and I find that developing the thesis statement is the most difficult part of the process. The thesis is the over-arching viewpoint of the research and states the writers position for the project (Hardy Ramjeet, 2005). It can be an analysis of issues and facts surrounding a topic or an argument for or against a particular subject or idea. Without a concise thesis statement, the project lacks direction. It can easily end up a general reportingRead MoreAnime and Manga632 Words   |  3 Pagesclarifies, or defines), anchored to researched, cited information. Scoring Guidelines |6 = Exemplary |3= Developing | |5 = Strong |2 = Emerging | |4 = Proficient |1 = Beginning | Reminder: If a student receives Emerging or Developing in any category the teacher must include suggestions for improvement in the Comments section. PART I: | |Criteria

Film And The Band Played On By Roger Spottiswoode Essay

What are the major theme(s) of the film? Hint use the concepts presented in class to guide your answer. Provide examples to demonstrate meaning. (6 marks) In the film And the Band Played On by Roger Spottiswoode, the major themes revealed throughout the film is the lack of participation from the governments behalf on this epidemic, divisional of private and public sectors and medical dominance between medical researchers. In this epidemic outbreak the government showed a lack of insensitivity towards the CDC when they wanted a way to test the blood that was being donated but the government felt as it was not cost-efficient (And the Brand Played On, 1993). This prevented the CDC from coming to conclusions that this virus AIDs may have been transmitted between homosexual men at bathhouses but it was spreading because of blood transfusion. The government emphasized that publicly ran services such as blood banks initiated the President to reduce the money that was for public health and raise the money for the Department of Defense to help with the control of the virus (And the Band Played On, 1993). This defined and demonstrated that more emphasis is taking regarding public sectors such as blood banks compared to private sectors such as bathhouses. Theories and evidences pointed towards gay bathhouses that this virus was being transmitted there in saunas where sexual interaction was taking place between men. Since this outbreak occurred, the future of bathhouses was jeopardizedShow MoreRelatedFilm And The Band Played On By Director Roger Spottiswoode2238 Words   |  9 Pagesdocumentary-film And the Band Played On (1993), director Roger Spottiswoode effectively showcased all three factors. The film is a chronological story of the AIDS epidemic from the 1980s. The story of the epidemic garners attention when gay men in both the west and east coast of the U.S. develop this mysterious disease in large numbers. Scientists at the Center for Disease Control and private labs fiercely work toward understanding the disease and trying to come up with a solution. The film is an epidemiologicalRead MoreThe Band Played On Film Directed By Roger Spottiswoode848 Words   |  4 Pages And the Band Played On [1] is a 1993 Drama-Television film directed by Roger Spottiswoode about the early research of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980 s. The film portrays how powerful a society s view has on a group when homosexuals suffer prejudice by society and view them as the cause of a new disease. The film greatly focuses on Dr. Don Francis, who previously contained the Ebola fever to prevent it from continuously spreading, as he joins the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to investigateRead MoreThe Band Played On By Randy Shilts1777 Words   |  8 PagesThe film And the band played on is a screen adaption of the book and the band played on by Randy Shilts done by Roger Spottiswoode. This screen adaption is a story of epidemic that had medical researchers scrabbling to understand the horrifying and mysterious new disease of AIDS that sored across the United States of America. This story takes place during the initial 5 years of the breakout from 1980 to 1985. 1. What are the major theme(s) of the film? Hint use the concepts presented in class toRead More The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On4180 Words   |  17 PagesThe Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On [1] Hollywood is no longer just a name, it is a business, a living entity holding America’s people in its grasp, and it is not about to let them go. Gradually taking on more responsibility and trying to build up its reputation over the years, Hollywood has progressively assumed the position of history-teller for the American public. This role, whether or not an appropriate one for an industry such as HollywoodRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswithin the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade, Smith’s

Illustration of Hierarchy and Power Using Sociological Theories

Question: Discuss about the Illustration of Hierarchy and Power Using Sociological Theories and Concept. Answer: Globally, Australia was ranked 6th in 2014 for its excellent healthcare service provision, which has brought about more benefits including improved life expectancy (Marchildon, 2013). Healthcare was provided by both private and public setting, but the administration is done in a federal government system. The introduction of mediocre systems occurred in 1984 where it entailed the universal provision of treatment services in public hospitals. The health sector in Australia has high inequality which brings about health differences within social groups (WHO, 2010). In health institutions, social hierarchy can be observed due to their class, education income, and the level of revenue. The description of power can be given in two broad descriptions; based on the one responsible for resource control as well as decision making, and one was accountable to manage ideas and give meaning (Mcdonald et al., 2012). Monitoring and power define a class, and it provides an indication of the relation of employment, together with the conditions in a healthcare system. In some cases, great power shows that the workers who are high in an organization benefit more at the expense of other's energy (Lowe et al., 2012). This provides clear proof that those at the bottom in the hierarchy are the most losers of power while receiving lesser pay (Marchildon, 2013). This essay seeks to bring about an understanding of how authority and power impact the healthcare service provision in Australia currently while paying a close reference to sociological theories and concept. Clinical officers and doctors may perceive the merited doctor who is their sole role model, and this case is similar to a scenario where the hybrid managers have a high power which is not what he or she is entitled to, rather than using his position power while dealing with the staff in the health set up (Blyund et al., 2012). While position power is becoming less efficient in the higher rank of the hierarchy, the departmental manager is ranked low regarding formal authority (Scambler, 2013). Disuse of position power brings about the difference in hospitals, due to inhibition of hierarchy of management by the departmental managers (Ivan et al., 2014). The hierarchy in a health set-up has placed surgeons at a high rank while the general practitioners are lower on the ladder. All other doctors are left unclassified and are somewhere at the center (Blyund et al., 2012). The pecking order of the doctors dictates how they intermingle and is indicated by their knowhow and experience. There is a great gap between a surgeon and an anesthetist, especially when looking at private health centers. Specialists believe those anesthetists are just there to facilitate the operation while they perform it just because they are their employee (Brown, 2013). There were many differences in the development of Australian government earlier where it had a little engagement to healthcare. In the 18th century, colonial settlement led to emergence and growth of hospital sector, and this was sponsored by the subscription fees (Marchildon, 2013). Treatment and other services offered by the doctors were done where there was a gap in providing these services hence making the wealthier to be favored. Religious institutions came up and ran with charity hospitals with the aim of helping the poor in treatment (Mcdonald et al., 2012). The contest by the government between the doctors made the practitioners in various organizations to compete, and their role was to manage admission and treatment of patients while those at the religious sector acted as Friendly Societies that had a role of administering the hospitals (Connell, 2012). In the case of illness in a wealthy and highly respected social class, treatment was administered at home, and this would g uarantee payment (Thompson et al., 2012). In early years there was a freedom that allowed doctors to admit private patients who were to pay the accommodation bills in charitable or in public hospitals, which gave room for gains for both the physicians and the hospital boards (Wuest, 2012). Later in Australia, there was the emergence of different hospital boards that had to report to the department of health or even commissions in hospitals. Due to increased taxation by the commonwealth, the charges increased detrimentally (Thompson et al., 2012). In late 19th and early 20th century, Commonwealth reduced its involvement. Changes were observed later in 1921 when Federal health department was created and took the mandate of health service provision together with the states. Commonwealth was then given more powers in formulating the health policy, and it became predominant in issues about policies of physicians and pharmaceuticals. Australian states took the direct involvement in healthcare provision and had a significant role i n the hospitals (Thompson et al., 2012). Gray (1991) argues that early hospitals were funded in a manner that was an inchoate mix of contribution by well-wishers. At the beginning of the 20th-century, free care for all was campaigned for by the labor party when they created nationalized hospitals in Australia. Abandonment of regional health authorities occurred in Western Australia and Tasmania eight years after state-level consolidation. Southern Australia had a Generation Health Review moved towards a system review based in Adelaide (Willis et al., 2016). It was noted that Australia has a high mode of centralization regarding decision making which is more concentrated at the state level as it is given a great intervention by Commonwealth governance (Marchildon, 2013). An overview of conflict theory indicates that stratification is very dangerous in the current state of health care sector of Australia (Scambler, 2013). This is because the less fortunate have less power while those who are at the top of the hierarchy are becoming more powerful. In the US there is unequal access to medical care where the disadvantaged ones include the aged women, poor, and the minorities (Shephered Zubrick, 2012). A routine of winning is maintained by highly ranked people at the expense of the less recognized in the health institution. The example of a surgeon and an anesthetist can be a perfect one because the doctor believes that an anesthetist is his employee whose work is to enable the operation to be a success. Also, nurses have no power to give orders, yet they must act as the check while concluding everything the doctor have made and are ready to rectify any omission (Connell, 2012). In conjunction to this, a live example has been given where chemotherapy was to be intravenously given to a patient, and the order was stated with the formula which aimed at brain delivery. In actual sense, this could bring about the significant error in dosing depending on the kind of drug prescribed. This refers that, if the doctors and nurses don't strive to work together, there will be thousand fold of dosing error which is avoidable in a well-organized health care sector (Bryant Jerry 2014). In the situation of mistakes, there is ease for the intrepid nurse to be fired. Conflict theory brings to the light the wrong ways of bringing the wealth to the society. Criticism has been expressed by different functionalists in their argument that various parties should not work expecting self-gain or interest. Also, the conflict theorists bring about the stagnation of people in making progress, especially in the health sector due to personal power (Scambler, 2013). Functionalism is another theory that explains the purpose, both positive and negative in an institution. Stability and togetherness of the society are created by the positive goal which in this case is preventing and suppressing the disease in case of its occurrence (Craib, 2015). In this regard, people of all dignities including age, class, race, or even gender should be considered and treated equally (Morgan, 2014). Contrary purpose leads to instability and scattered community. Also, there is a need for a symbolic interaction to explain the management and interaction of the physician and his patients especially in the case of a male gynecologist and a female patient (Wuest, 2012). The examination has to be strictly impersonal. Several social institutions are related to each other in a systematic way such that, health care facilities works in conjunction with the government in various ways that include the federal regulation that deals with the release of new drug procedure. Another involvement of government in the health sector is in scientific institutes such as National Institute of Health which deals with funding for research that is based on health administration and policy (Bryant Jerry 2014). Also, the healthcare sector has led to income generation due to various work position available where many people are employed in Australia. Ideally, the primary role of functionalist theory of sociology tries to explain how health care sector differs from other forms of the institution and how this may be vital to the whole society of Australia (Wuest, 2012). Another theory that explores hierarchy and power in healthcare is Marxists, which states that there is need for material to be gained by human beings. Marx believes that basic necessities include food, shelter, and cloth (Coburn, 2015). According to him, the origin of various diseases is related to social constraints in such a way that they are influenced by the system of capitalist economy. Regarding capitalist society, the medical profession service provision results from business interest (Cockerham, 2014). This approach ascertains that there is power in a health profession that results from an alliance in the center of occupation and that of power macro-level structures. The hierarchy depicted under the concept of capitalism is of four levels where the first tier is financial, industrial, capitalist state medicine is the third one while the last one being a public state (Britt et al., 2013). In this scenario, the first state is the most influencing level, while the capital and th e capitalists are the drivers of medicine while the public is viewed as a challenge. The occurrence of capitalism with technology in medicine brings about more acquisition in nature that is similar to the orthodox model used by a health professional (Thompson et al., 2012). The solution caused by Marxists theory includes finding out the people or organization responsible for formulating the health agendas related to health and the roles played. There is a need to find the gainers and losers of a certain list in the global economy, the resources located in the public sector, the kind of health research being undertaken and lastly the distribution of power within the healthcare institution. This theory argues that there is poverty that is linked to how healthy an individual may appear in that, the people who are materially wealthy are less prone to become ill while those lacking have a higher probability of becoming sick. This is because the view of a capitalist society is investing i n an enterprise that will bring more gain to the society and hence high profit is maintained (Marsland, 2014). Marx suggests that being in the medical profession is voluntary and the service provided should be more quality since it is done by diagnosing the cause of the problem and coming up with the ultimate solution. The purpose of health providers is to ensure that patients health is maintained and that they become more economically productive (Coburn, 2015). Another concept is concerning symbolic interactionism where there is belief that sickness is part of social constructs. According to Travers (2001), the symbol can have the various meaning given by the mode of people's living. This can be expressed in many forms including dressing code, speech, and actions. There are two types of patients according to ancient view of the United Kingdom, those considered deviant and the category of sick people. The sick are given a higher percentage of sympathy as compared to the deviant (Wuest, 2012). For example, we can take a drunken person who was considered to lack the moral fortitude and therefore deviants during the prohibition era in America (Lowe et al., 2012). Currently, alcoholism is considered as an illness that can be diagnosed and treated depending on the labeled level of abuse (Cockerham, 2014). Also, symbolic interaction defines various roles that are played by the healthcare providers, where there is a hierarchy that gives the medical doctors a top rank while their assistants, the nurses, and the orderlies at the bottom in this ladder. The patients have to abide by the rules of how the administration of the treatment will be achieved while the pharmaceuticals and insurance are there to contribute in medical care provision by administering drugs and financial cover. This theory defines the role of various players in a hospital setting where there are healthcare providers, patients, and other stakeholders. The labeling of disease and its treatment in the current world is also a symbolic interaction (Wuest, 2012). Max Weber and George Simmel dug deep to find the roots of social interaction theory back in the history which gave a shape to earliest qualitative research related to healthcare (Cockerham, 2014). Weber explained that there is a meaning for the social action being undertaken individually, which reflects the health professionals that was aimed at bringing physician regulations to go hand in hand with that of the United Kingdom. The social class in which an individual fit has a direct impact on the health services available. Jacob Merone (2004) stated that health greatly depends on how wealthy a person is, such that the richer and those with high social class have a long life (Snyder Deaux, 2012). The lower social class will lead to less access to Medicare (Craib, 2015). The wealthier tend to rate their health as more improved in comparison to those having less income. Those having lower social class may experience a high incidence of neonate mortality, experience stillbirth, cardiac a rrest or even tuberculosis. These and other illnesses may be triggered by ones mode of living and social class (Wuest, 2012). People living in a low socioeconomic status may tend to smoke more, and this is known to be the major contributor to the lung cancer illness and some extent occurrence of cardiovascular disease (Cockerham, 2014). Hierarchy and power in health care can impact my career as a medical practitioner. This is because varying education levels and occupation guides the level in which a medical PR actioner will be placed. There are different employees in the hospital set-up, and hence the patients will have to interact with all of them at a glance. Communication is vital in case of critical information, and hence teamwork should be maintained (Bryant Jerry 2014). Ineffective communication risks the lives of many patients due to obvious reasons which include missing information that is vital, poor interpretation of the context, making unclear orders, and even status of overlooked changes. Errors that may occur in this situation may cause damage to the health of the patient or death to some extent (Morgan, 2014). In most cases, doctors tend to be more prominent than nurses and in case the doctor scolds a nurse when corrected or consulted; the nurse always maintains silence in case an error is noted agai n (Blyund et al., 2012). Interdependent healthcare should be made to bring about success in medical practitioners line of duty, and hence nurses should not be silenced or even scolded because it creates more room for the creation of errors (Hughes, 2008). Neglecting the agreement made while becoming a health worker leads to complete deployment and one may spend a very long time in jail after being fired (Brown, 2013). In conclusion, health care providers should provide treatment to all people regard to their race, ethnicity, social class, gender or even age. Healthcare providers should ensure team work is maintained at all cost to understand the patient rights and needs. Emphasis should be put on areas related to social and health. They should train in providing a solution to many problems including counseling, lab technologist, and roles. During the study, students should employ most of teamwork principles and communication to enable them to solve clinically related problems as a team and give one another an equal chance to speak out what they know, while accepting corrections. References Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., O'Halloran, J. (2013). General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (No. 33). Sydney University Press. Brown, T. (2013). Healing the hospital hierarchy. The New York Times, 16. Bryant, C., Jary, D. (2014). Giddens' theory of structuration: A critical appreciation. Routledge. Bylund, C. L., Peterson, E. B., Cameron, K. A. (2012). A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories. Patient education and counseling, 87(3), 261-267. Coburn, D. (2015). Vicente Navarro: Marxism, Medical Dominance, Healthcare and Health. In The Palgrave Handbook of Social Theory in Health, Illness and Medicine (pp. 405-423). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Cockerham, W. C. (2014). Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Connell, R. (2012). Gender, health and theory: conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective. Social science medicine, 74(11), 1675-1683. Craib, I. (2015). Modern social theory. Routledge. Hughes, R. G. (2008). Chapter 33: Professional Communication and Team Collaboration. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Liu, W., Manias, E., Gerdtz, M. (2013). Medication communication during ward rounds on medical wards: Power relations and spatial practices. Health:, 17(2), 113-134. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., OBrien, A. P., Boyd, L. (2012). Time to clarifythe value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(3), 677-685. Marchildon, G. P. (2013). Health systems in transition: Canada (Vol. 7, No. 3). University of Toronto Press. Marsland, D. (2014). Progress In Health Care: A Sociological Appreciation Of The Nhs Review And Its Potential Benefits. A Journal of the BSA MedSoc Group. McDonald, J., Jayasuriya, R., Harris, M. F. (2012). The influence of power dynamics and trust on multidisciplinary collaboration: a qualitative case study of type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC health services research, 12(1), 63. Morgan, D. H. J. (2014). Social Theory and the Family (RLE Social Theory). Routledge. Scambler, G. (Ed.). (2013). Habermas, critical theory and health. Routledge. Shepherd, C. C., Li, J., Zubrick, S. R. (2012). Social gradients in the health of Indigenous Australians. American journal of public health, 102(1), 107-117. Snyder, M., Deaux, K. (2012). Personality and social psychology. In The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology. Spehar, I., Frich, J. C., Kjekshus, L. E. (2014). Clinicians in management: a qualitative study of managers use of influence strategies in hospitals. BMC health services research, 14(1), 251. Thomson, S., Osborn, R., Squires, D., Jun, M. (2012). International profiles of health care systems 2012: Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Wallensteen, P. (2015). Understanding conflict resolution. Sage Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016). Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Wuest, J. (2012). Grounded theory: The method. Nursing research: A qualitative perspective, 5, 225-256.

United States Vrs Gambino Essays - Gambino Crime Family,

United States Vrs Gambino Gambino v. United States Argued Oct 12 and 13th 1927 Decided Dec. 12 1927 SUMMARY On August 1, 1924 Gambino and Lima were both arrested by two New York state troopers . They were driving near the Canadian border when their car was searched with out a warrant and intoxicating liquor was found and was taken. The liquor and other property taken was immediately turned over to a Federal deputy collector of customs for prosecution in the Federal court for Northern New York. Both Gambino and Lima were charged with conspiracy to transport the liquor in violation with the national prohibition act. The defense argued that the search without a warrant and no probable cause was in conflict with the Constitution Amendments four,five, and six. The motion was denied which meant that was no excuse and the liquor was then brought into the trial as evidence. Both Lima and Gambino were found guilty and were sentenced to fine and imprisonment. The case was taken to appeals court where they affirmed the verdict and neither court delivered an opinion. This court was granted a writ of certiorari. The government contended that the New York state troopers at the time were agents of the United States. The defendants contend that their was no probable cause and that the state troopers are to be deemed agents of the United States because section 26 of the prohibition act imposes the duty of arrest and seizure where liquor is being illegally transported. They also argued that state and federal agents were working together which in that case evidence obtained through wrongful search and seizure by state officials CO-operating with federal agents must be excluded. But it was held admissible and the idea was excluded from the case because their wasnt a federal agent present at the search and seizure. Therefor the only way the fourth, fifth, and sixth amendments could be applied to the case was if a federal office had aided the arrest. The only evidence against Gambino and Lima was the liquor which if thrown out they would have been found innocent that being the only evidence that could have prosecuted them for any crime. Gambino didnt have much of a chance even though many unreasonable search and seizure are admitted to lower federal courts but only 3 cases had been found where it had been seriously contended. The verdict was made mostly on the fact that federal officers did not have relation to the state officers who made the search and seizure the only way the liquor would have been thrown out is if federal officers aided the state officers. One of the officers had been stationed on the Canadian border for 18 months previous to the arrest. AFFECT ON SOCIETY The affect on society delt allot with freedom from the government which the constitution is supposed to protect you from unreasonable government acts. I didnt quite understand what their probable cause was but it didnt seem to me unless Gambino or Lima had been intoxicated that they would have had probable cause . It made people more especially crime families that thrived in that time that police could have their was with the fourth amendment as well as the fifth. I didnt see what the sixth played because they were given a fair trial excluding the fact that the alcohol was brought in as evidence but that was the whole case without that their was no crime. Society probable was all for it because it hurt organized crime which ran parts of society in the twenties. Legal Issues

How To Attract Girls Essays - Education, Euthenics, Education Reform

How To Attract Girls Essays - Education, Euthenics, Education Reform How To Attract Girls Sometimes girls and boys seem to avoid the company of one another, but finally everyone find something common in each other and fall in love at least once. Actually You are just afraid of making serious relationship, because You do not know what the girl thinks and feels about you. In general the first time is always more complex. The men are so confused about what women think about them that it can create some obsessions. It can lower Your self-esteem. Do not let it happen! Despite of the difficulties it is exciting and anxious process. It will be hard to get someone's love. In return You will feel like a bird flying, everything will sing around and your heart will jump inside when You see that You have taken a liking to her. How do You see that!? She will smile, laugh after every your silly joke and hesitate to look into your eyes. If she will not, she is not fallen in love. Let's imagine the calling to someone for the first date. Probably you are nervous and afraid of her refusal. Who makes the first step have to be brave and known that everybody have to do it some day. You have to know the Estonian proverb, The brave beginning is a half of victory. For Your better feeling You may invent some reason for calling. For example ask something about a homework, but do not seem to her as a foolish. First of all you have to insist in your mind that you are like every other boy. Everyone have something interesting and attractive which can put the girls to lose their heads. Perhaps You are funny speaker or good listener. In the last case You have to give many questions to get her meet with You. You have to realize your best sides of character and use them in calling. Do not be selfish, at least in the first time. Next, You have to be prepared to lose - do not except your failure and do not give up after it. People are learning from mistakes. Now let's go to call. Oh, Your voice and the style of communicating have to be something different from talking with friends! Do not use a foul language. First of all You have to be very polite in communicating with her parents in the case they take a phone. You could introduce yourself and ask for her with the official and calm voice, Good afternoon, I am Bobby Dolt and I would like to speak with Ann Smith. Is she home at home now?. You have a time to relax and forget about all Your weaknesses. Now She probably comes. It will be better if You create the image of ladies' man and chatty boy and mix their a little bit sexual appetite. But do not overstrain with that stuff. Now she is saying, Helllooo and You will show the manliness and other skills You have learned. Your voice must be soft, easygoing, but dynamic. It means not boring. Hey, If You feel yourself in a right way forget about Your homework! Let Your inspiration to fly. Do not disturb her for a few hours. Be in short. You just have to invite her somewhere. Please do not make some terrible noises like in car crush or the water falling in bathroom. In the case You cannot exist without them You can sing like birds do. Do not say her such things like, What the hell are You doing their? Or What a horrible voice You have by phone!. I remain You that You had a goal to create some friendship. Follow my advises and You can get Cindy Crawford to Your callers. If You are good reader and smart boy You have to go through it and You might see her next time in the theater, cinema or night club. You will be well done if during the next meeting she will be merry and kind with You. Your relationships depend mostly on Your communication in the first few weeks. It does not mean that later You can turn into a rude imp. Actually all people have to relate toward each other in a polite manner and do not hold anger in their hearts. Always take a stand to others like You want them to attitude toward You.

HR Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Strategy - Essay Example In this paper, I will be analysing the internal and external fits approach to HR strategy. Strategic human resources management (SHRM) takes a strategic approach to organisational human resource management. SHRM concerns itself with the design and implementation of internal policy practices that consistently enhance the human capital’s ability to contribute to the bigger organisational goals (Wei, 2006). The strategic aims of HR revolve around cost containment and management of business risks. To achieve this, the HR function attempts to recruit highly talented, able and willing employees and managing these human resources optimally. The most critical asset for any organisation is therefore its human capital; productivity and profitability greatly depend on the motivation and desire people to perform as well as the support they get from managements. Strategically, HR strives to attain and manage two kinds of fits i.e. internal and external fit. On the perspective of external fit, the HR function’s systems, structures and management practices should be consistent with the particular firm’s stage in development. Organisational needs change with growth; having an understanding of just how the organisation is changing with growth makes it easier to understand the necessary human resource adjustments. From the approach of internal fit, the structure, systems and HRM practices need to be synergistic i.e. the HR function must put in place structures and systems that support and complement one another while contributing to organisational objectives. The HR function must therefore ensure its strategy enables the organisation to perform, attain competitive edge and ultimately make profits (Lloyd and Ilan, 1998). According to Pfeffer (1998) effective people management can tremendously enhance organisational performance both financially, socially and economically. He describes seven organisational characteristics consistent in most if not all firms

Logistics and Transportation as A Service Category within a Category Research Paper

Logistics and Transportation as A Service Category within a Category Management Program - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is Nexen. It is Canada based energy generation company having a dedicated workforce of about 3800 employees. In addition to this the company also has a strong and visionary management that helps in catapulting the organization to levels of excellence. The company was incepted in the year 1971 in which the Occidental crude oil company merged its subsidiary of energy and gas to create a conglomerate. The company is also engaged in the exploration of oil and gas and also owns gas fields across Canada. The future strategies of the company include investing in exploration in Mexican gulf, West Africa and North Sea. It also includes exploration of oil sands and unconventional gas fields across the nation.The company has a considerable and commendable supply chain management strategy under which the company focuses on using technology to reduce the cost of inventory. The logistics and supply chain aspects of the organization include management of the movement of goods from the source to the final destination. Transportation and its efficient management can help generate a lot of competitive advantage for the organization. The aspect of supply chain management is very closely linked to the aspect of warehouse maintenance, transportation as well as management of materials over distances. Use of global category management would help in generating not only cost advantage but would also help generate sustainable and long term competitive advantage for the organization. ... The logistics and supply chain aspects of the organization include management of the movement of goods from the source to the final destination. Transportation and its efficient management can help generate a lot of competitive advantage for the organization. The aspect of supply chain management is very closely linked to the aspect of warehouse maintenance, transportation as well as management of materials over distances. The present study would try to analyse the aspect of global category management in the supply chain strategies of the company that would help generate greater efficiency for the organization. Use of global category management would help in generating not only cost advantage but would also help generate sustainable and long term competitive advantage for the organization. Concept of Category Management Category Management program objectives are found to bear strong linkages with the product portfolio of a manufacturing or marketing sector company. In this regard, Ch iplunkar (2011) observes that the product portfolio of a company operating in manufacturing or retail segment is mostly decided by product managers. Product managers managing that category are responsible for getting the right amount and quality of raw materials for the production of such items. The responsibility for arranging the production of the product is shared eventually by the product managers with other departments like administrative and manufacturing units. Further the product manager also coordinates with the sales and marketing team for getting the product rightly sold in the market to help achieve business profits. The category management concept earns further depth in regards to

The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism Essay Example for Free

The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism Essay Abstract It is widely held that there are no indigenous roots in China for the rule of law; it is an import from the West. The Chinese legal tradition, rather, is rule by law, as elaborated in ancient Legalist texts such as the Han Feizi. According to the conventional reading of these texts, law is amoral and an instrument in the hands of a central ruler who uses law to consolidate and maintain power. The ruler is the source of all law and stands above the law, so that law, in the final analysis, is whatever pleases the ruler. This essay argues, to the contrary, that the instrumentalism of the Han Feizi is more sophisticated and more principled than the conventional reading acknowledges. It suggests that, by examining the text of the Han Feizi through the lens provided by American legal theorist Lon Fuller, we can detect an explicit articulation of what Fuller called the internal morality of law. The principles of this morality are elaborated and their importance explained. In this way, the Han Feizi is retrieved as a significant reference point for thinking about legal reform in China today. I am indebted to Liang Zhiping and David B. Wong for comments on an earlier draft, and to William P. Alford, as ever, for his guidance in thinking about law and legal institutions in China. Introduction The rule of law is now commonly regarded as an obligatory step to establishing China’s rightful place in the global community. Yet it is widely believed that there are no indigenous roots for the rule of law ideal; it is an import from the West. The Chinese legal tradition, rather, is rule by law, as elaborated most fully in ancient Legalist texts such as the Han Feizi. The distinction between rule by law and rule of law has many dimensions. Of central importance is the relationship of law and morality. Although no canonical formula exists for the rule of law, a moral ideal lies at the core, however it is specified. In rule by law, in contrast, at least according to the conventional understanding, law is amoral and an instrument of power. A typical statement is offered by Burton Watson, the respected translator of Han Fei’s work in English: Legalism, Watson says, â€Å"professed to have no use for morality whatsoever† (and similarly for religion and ceremony). It focused on a single problem: strengthening and preserving the state.1 In this regard, Watson follows Arthur Waley, who said that members of the â€Å"school of law† (fajia) â€Å"held that law should replace morality.† Instead of the term â€Å"school of law,† which he regarded as too narrow, Waley referred to members of the fajia as â€Å"the Amoralitsts .†2 It is because of this alleged amoralism that Randall Peerenboom can write a 670page book on â€Å"China’s long march toward [the] rule of law† and barely mention Han Fei. Peerenboom expresses the conventional view: for Han Fei, law is one instrument in the ruler’s toolbox for sustaining strong centralized control. Since the ruler is the source of all law, and stands above the law, there are no limits or effective checks on the ruler’s arbitrary power. â€Å"In the final analysis, law was what pleased the ruler.†3 This view of Legalism is reinforced by a particular reading of Chinese legal history during the period of the Three Dynasties, China’s bronze age. Liang Zhiping, the eminent legal scholar, claims that the predilection for rule by law, in Han Fei and other Legalists, has its roots in the way law emerged initially in China, namely, as an instrument by which a single clan exercised control over rival clans. â€Å"[W]ithin a system tha t was inherently unstable †¦ [l]aw was seen as the will of the rulers and an instrument of suppression; its primary manifestation was in punishment.† Hence, the choice of rule by law was the product of an extended and unique cultural development. â€Å"[T]he legalists merely developed to its extreme the ancient legal model, ‘[y]ou who obey my orders shall be rewarded before my ancestors; and you who disobey my orders shall be put to death before the spirits of the land.’†4 These two conceptions of law and legal institutions—rule by law and the rule of law—are familiar in the West, although rule by law now has few, if any, advocates. But one needs to go back only to John Austin, the influential 19th century English legal theorist, for systematic elaboration of rule by law. Western theorists, indeed, might be tempted to look at Chinese Legalists through the lens of Austin, since his work enables us to see a systematic body of thought in the Han Feizi. However, this lens, I shall argue, brings some elements of the Han Feizi into sharp focus only at the cost of distorting others. Western theorists need a corrective lens, which is provided by Lon Fuller. In assessing Austin’s account, Fuller’s approach is most helpful because it offers an internal critique, showing that denial of a compelling connection between law and morality is inaccurate to the theory itself. Fuller’s account does not rest on a semantic analysis of â€Å"law† but on a pragmatic appreciation of legal order as a form of governance. Out of this appreciation, the practical connection—the interaction and mutual dependence of law and morality in the everyday work of lawmakers and other collaborative participants in the creation of legal order—emerges even in rule by law properly understood. Thus, Fuller shows how the moral core of the rule of law is present in the generic use of law in society. The moral core of the rule of law—the thin theory, as it is often called— encompasses two key ideas: (1) While law is an instrument of political power, law also constrains power. Hence, law and power are, to some degree, opposed. (2) While law channels political power, law also enables power to be rightly exercised. Hence, law is a source of legitimation for the exercise of power. How is political power constrained and yet also rightly exercised? The rule of law ideal is that these conditions are met if it is truly the law that governs legal subjects, not the wishes of specific individuals or groups. The ideal is a government of laws, not persons, so the moral core (in a word) is impersonal governance. My thesis is that Han Fei’s text, the Han Feizi, displays this moral core and thus connects law and morality. I shall argue, indeed, that the Han Feizi advocates a purer form of the rule of law than is offered by many Western theorists. Chinese Legalism did not be gin with the Han Feizi, but it is generally regarded as the most sophisticated exposition of the theory. I believe it is more nuanced than generations of commentators have acknowledged. It is important to emphasize that my interest is with the rule of law as a legislative, rather than judicial, ideal. This focus is appropriate for the Han Feizi, since it contains no explicit judicial theory (although it has definite implications, as we shall see, for the work of judges). That means that the vision of law in the Han Feizi is incomplete. On the other hand, most Western theorists neglect the legislative ideal, and many mistakenly believe that judicial independence (or the separation of powers) is sufficient for establishing the rule of law. I shall suggest that, at least for the legislative ideal, worthy indigenous Chinese sources for the rule of law exist. Contrary to Watson and Peerenboom, I argue that the Han Feizi intends to link law and morality. But I should say from the beginning that this essay is not an attempt to recapture Han Fei’s conscious motives or point of view. It is an attempt to retrieve a text for contemporary understanding and use. Admittedly, this effort runs the risk of literary misprision—willful, not to say creative, misreading. But recovering the rich history of Chinese legal thought seems to me worth that risk. It is often said, with good reason, that successive Chinese emperors followed the Legalist template set out by the Han Feizi. If it turns out that the Han Feizi carries a different message from the one it is usually taken to convey, the imperial history may have to be re-examined to determine when it followed the template and when it did not.5 [I] Rule by law: Han Fei and John Austin The conventional reading of the Han Feizi pictures law as an instrument in the hands of the ruler. This could mean different things. Instrumentalism is sometimes construed to mean that rulers use law only if and when it suits their purposes; it is employed (or not) at the ruler’s discretion to achieve the ruler’s own desires or ends. In this construction, law does not have any special pride of place, and certainly nothing beyond a fortuitous connection to moral value. On any particular occasion, if a ruler fails to realize his or her will by the use of law, an alternative instrument of governance could be deployed. Let’s call this ad hoc or strategic instrumentalism. This is not rule by law, as I understand it. Rule by law meets at least one and possibly two conditions missing from ad hoc instrumentalism. Most importantly, the commitment to rules—fixed standards of general applicability—is not ad hoc; they are the ruler’s chosen mechanism of governance. Thus, the commitment to rules is deliberate and firm, and the instrumentalism is consistent and principled. This commitment, we shall see, introduces a variety of self-imposed constraints on lawmaking and secures the connection between law and morality. Second, the rules promulgated are not necessarily intended to serve the lawmaker’s personal desires or ends. They may serve common ends, or they may permit (or enable) subjects to pursue ends of their own. In that event, we move from a minimal to a morally robust instrumentalism. If the rules facilitate the pursuit of ends other than those of the lawgiver, principled instrumentalism transitions into the rule of law. Although the Han Feizi is conventionally read as committed (at worst) to ad hoc instrumentalism or (at best) to a consistent but minimal instrumentalism, I shall argue in section III that many of the essays that make up the Han Feizi advocate a robust principled instrumentalism. For this reason, it will be helpful to examine first a systematic statement of the minimally instrumentalist view. John Austin is more clearly committed to minimal instrumentalism, because his aims were more academic—to elaborate a systematic theory—whereas Han Fei wished to provide practical advice to rulers. A consideration of Austin enables us to grasp what coherence the minimally instrumentalist view has. Like Han Fei, Austin aimed to be a realist about law, to examine actual facts in the world. That led him to trace the existence of law to the exercise of power. Accordingly, the proper understanding of law is genetic. In the strict sense, law is a command—a wish expressed by a determinate person or body possessing supreme power in an organized and independent society, backed by the credible threat of a sanction (i.e., pain) in the event of noncompliance. Why does the credible threat of a sanction make a law binding? Austin was a voluntarist about law as he was in theology. The duty to obey a command rests not on its conformity to an independent moral standard but simply on its emanating from a preponderant power. To have a duty to act is to be compelled to act. â€Å"[I]t is only by the chance of incurring evil, that I am bound or obliged.†7 Thus, whether divine or human, law makes its appearance within a relationship of domination—a superior (in power) issuing orders to an inferior (in power), where the former has the capacity to compel the latter to act by means of a threatened evil, i.e., pain. The duty is legal if it is issued by a political sovereign, moral if issued by God. Hobbes observed that the conditions for a social contract obtain if persons are of roughly equal ability, for then they acquire an equality of hope in having their respective claims satisfied. But in circumstances where a clear supremacy of power lies in one individual or body, no question as to the proper distribution of duties and rights arises. The distribution of duties and rights naturally parallels the distribution of power.8 That, obviously, is Austin’s view as well. The foundation of law is force or the threat of its use. To have a duty, therefore, in Austin’s quaint phrase, is to be obnoxious to the superior’s threat. Obnoxiousness is determined by one of two empirical facts: either the extent to which the inferior party is motivated by fear of the sanction, or the likelihood that the superior party will carry out its threat. While the pursuit of pleasure is as much an ultimate spring of human action as the avoidance of pain, the latter is more to be relied on than the former. The certainty and severity of threatened pain, in the event of noncompliance to the superior’s commands, are defining features of legal (as of moral) order. Since the definition of law stipulates nothing about the content of the superior’s wish, law may have any content whatever and still be binding. The separation of law and morality is secured: might makes right. Thus, law is imperative, preemptory, morally arbitrary, coercive, and an instrument of domination. It also, as we shall see more fully in a moment, aims above all at stability and order. By definition, Austin’s sovereign is not subject to a superior power and hence does not have any legal duties. (By the same token, the sovereign does not have any legal rights, either.) Austin formulates this point most sharply by observing that â€Å"every government is legally despotic.†9 This is a provocative way of saying that its power is legally unlimited; it stands above the law and can make, or unmake, any law whatever. It is not misleading to say the sovereign is self-legitimating, as long as we keep in mind that legitimation comes not from satisfying a standard of legitimacy but from the successful exercise of supreme power. Yet one of the virtues of Austin’s writing is that it is richer than the genetic definition of law would lead one to expect. (Failure in the legal literature to appreciate the richer analysis is the same kind of failure one finds regarding the Han Feizi.) Exploring some of this richness will help us develop a critique that illuminates the Han Feizi. Austin actually formulates three distinct definitions of law—in addition to the genetic there are formal and purposive definitions—each of which meshes imperfectly with the others. The formal definition appears when Austin stipulates that a command is a law only if it has the attribute of generality, that is, it must refer to a class of acts to be done or avoided, not a single action. Particular or occasional commands are not laws in the strict sense.11 This stipulation is sensible, since modern law typically consists of a body of standing rules, not extemporaneous orders. It shows that Austin thought of legal order as a system, or at least a set, of rules. But in relation to the genetic definition, it is completely unmotivated; nothing in the meaning of command requires it. At the same time, the implications are profound. The addition of generality represents a significant departure from personal command and toward impersonal governance. It commits the lawmaker to acting in certain ways in as yet unknown cases. And, by grouping actions into classes, it produces a degree of uniformity of treatment across persons. So, with generality, the picture of a compliant inferior following the wishes of a superior recedes to a significant degree. These implications—uniformity across persons and prior commitment in unknown cases—indicate that certain formal features of laws may have moral import, and I shall say more about them in a moment. With law understood as a self-conscious instrument of domination expressing the wishes of a (human) sovereign, it is only to be expected that Austin would stress the potential divorce between the content of promulgated laws and the requirements of morality. â€Å"The existence of law is one thing; its merit or demerit is another.†12 But if law itself, simply as a body of general rules, has moral import regardless of its content, we have taken an important step toward a robust instrumentalist account of law. The richness of Austin’s analysis is even more evident in his purposive definition. In its most general and comprehensive sense, he says, a law is â€Å"a rule laid down for the guidance of an intelligent being by an intelligent being having power over him.†13 Asymmetry in power is central for Austin, as we have seen, but intelligent guidance introduces a different dimension. Austin followed Locke in thinking of law as a human contrivance, establishing relations between rational beings. But the idea of intelligent guidance has implications Austin was hesitant to pursue. He recognized, for example, that the concept of command precludes ex post facto rules, since an utterance cannot constitute a command if the action required cannot be performed. Yet to acknowledge this conceptual point would be tantamount to placing a limit on sovereign power; an ex post facto pronouncement would not be a law, even though it possessed all the other features of the genetic definition. 14 Further, such acknowledgement would be the first step on a slippery slope. It would allow one to say that other pronouncements of the sovereign are also not laws, for instance, ones that are not clear in meaning. How could an obscure or incoherent utterance provide intelligent guidance to human conduct? Or an utterance that was not made public? Or that kept changing? These implications are precisely the ones pursued by Fuller in developing what he called the internal morality of law. Before turning to Fuller, however, we should pause to ask why Austin recoiled from the implications of his purposive definition and instead adhered to the idea of law as an instrument in the hands of a supreme person or body exercising power over others. My hypothesis is that rule by law in its minimalist variant was important to Austin for two related reasons: the fear of disorder and the uncertainty of morality. Both of these were reflected in Austin’s ambivalence about the expansion of democracy in England in the early 19th century. He saw little possibility, at least in the foreseeable future, of achieving the educational and mental improvement of the general population that he regarded as a prerequisite of democratic government. As a result, according to John Stuart Mill’s account, Austin developed an â€Å"indifference, bordering on contempt, for the progress of popular [i.e., democratic] institutions.†15 In addition, Austin believed that common moral opinion was so fractured, so full of partiality and prejudice, that ordinary people cannot be trusted to act decently. What makes government by a powerful ruler necessary and expedient is the â€Å"uncertainty, scantiness, and imperfection† of the mora l beliefs people espouse. â€Å"Hence the necessity for a common governing (or common guiding) head to whom the community may in concert defer.†16 The resonance of these passages with much of the Han Feizi, or at least the conventional reading of it, should be apparent. Lack of confidence in the capacity of human beings to govern themselves makes it necessary to have a sovereign whose will provides common directives that are easily discernible and effective. If people are allowed to follow their natural propensities, they will engage in all manner of disorderly behavior. Social order requires stable external direction by means of the threat of force. Thus, the solution to the problem of social order—Hobbes’s problem—is managerial direction (to use Fuller’s term). Without top-down control, matters are likely to get badly out of hand. The exercise of control in Austin’s case, of course, is thought of as benign. The goods of order and unity are taken for granted. The power of the superior is canvassed, not in terms of personal wishes or even class interests, but its efficacy in producing the â€Å"steadiness, constancy, or uniformity† that every society needs. Thus, Austin—like Han Fei, as I shall argue—makes sense of law in practice as an instrument in the hands of a single individual or mandarin elite with the competence and requisite disinterestedness to attend to the public need. To that extent, Austin’s theory is a pure expression of rule by law.